We know less about the history of ancient and medieval Africa than any other region of the world. Much of what we know about early Africans today has been uncovered in just the last five decades. In fact, the more archaeology reveals about life in ancient and medieval Africa, the less we seem to agree with many of our long-held assumptions about the continent and its people. For instance, historians used to believe that ironwork was first discovered in Turkey around 1500 BC, but new evidence proves that ironwork was in wide use around the same period—or even as early as 1800 BC—in central Africa. 1 We also know that early eastern African tribes were building sophisticated structures about the same time the ancient Greeks were building the Parthenon, contrary to the widespread belief that early Africans only lived in huts without civilization…
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